Golden berry – dried
Macro- and micronutrient content
Dried fruit: The following values are excerpted from the Nutrition Fact labels of selected packaged dried golden berry products of different origins that are available in the United States market. These nutrient content claims are presumed accurate but have not been verified by this author: Colombia origin (NATIVAS NATURALS Brand): per 28 g dried berries: calories 80, calories from fat 0, total fat 0 g (0% DV), saturated fat 0 g (0% DV), trans fat 0 g, cholesterol 0 mg (0% DV), sodium 25 mg (1% DV), total carbohydrates 17 g (6% DV), dietary fibre 3 g (12%), sugars 9 g, protein 2 g, vitamin A (45% DV), vitamin C (4% DV), calcium (0% DV), iron (6% DV). Ecuador origin (OJIO Brand): per 28 g dried berries: calories 100, calories from fat 5, total fat 0.5 g (1% DV), saturated fat 0 (0% DV), cholesterol 0 g (0% DV), sodium 10 mg (0% DV), total carbohydrates 22 g (7% DV), dietary fibre 7 g (28% DV), sugars 8 g, protein 2 g, lycopene 6.1 g, vitamin A (10% DV), vitamin C (10% DV), calcium (2% DV), iron (4% DV). Peru origin (PRANA Brand): per 28 g dried berries: calories 82, fat 1 g (2% DV), saturated fat 0 g (0% DV), trans fat 0 g (0% DV), cholesterol 0 mg (0% DV), sodium 10 mg (0% DV), total carbohydrates 17 g (7% DV), dietary fibre 5.5 g (25% DV), sugars 8 g, protein 2 g, vitamin A (40% DV), vitamin C (4% DV), calcium (1% DV), iron (6% DV). Undeclared origin (NOW FOODS Brand): per 28 g (about 22 berries): calories 80, calories from fat 20, total fat 2 g (3% DV), saturated fat 0 g (0% DV), trans fat 0 g, cholesterol 0 mg (0% DV), sodium 0 mg (0% DV), potassium 510 mg (15% DV), total carbohydrates 17 g (6% DV), dietary fibre 5 g (20% DV), sugars 11 g, protein 2 g, vitamin A (45% DV), vitamin C (8% DV), calcium (0% DV), iron (4% DV). Fresh fruit: Moisture 78.9-80.97%, ash 0.80-1.0 g/ 100 g, calories 76.8-88.72 kcal/100 g, carbohydrates 13.22-19.6 g/ 100 g, crude fibre 3.6-4.9 g / 100 g, fat 0.0-0.2 g / 100 g, total lipids 3.16 g / 100 g, protein 0.3-1.9 g/ 100 g, aluminium 0.33 mg/ 100 g, barium 0.06 mg/ 100g, calcium 8.0-10.55 mg/100 g, carotene 1.6-2.64 mg/100 g, chromium 0.01 mg/ 100 g, cobalt 0.01 mg/ 100 g, copper 0.28 mg/ 100 g, iron 1.2-1.47 mg/100 g, magnesium 34.70 mg/ 100 g, manganese 0.26 mg/ 100 g, niacin 1.70 mg/ 100 g, phosphorus 37.9-55.3 mg/100 g, potassium 292.65-347.00 mg/100 g, riboflavin 0.03 mg/ 100 g, rubidium 0.42 mg/ 100 g, sodium 1.10 mg/ 100 g, strontium 0.04 mg/ 100 g, thiamine 0.1 mg/ 100 g, vitamin C 43.0-43.3 mg/100 g, zinc 0.4-0.49 mg/100 g (de Carrasco and Encina-Zelada 2008; Ramadan 2011; Rodrigues et al. 2009).15,16,17 Gutiérrez et al. (2007) reported ascorbic acid at 0.332 (±0.0262) mg per gram of sample as per HPLC method.18
Phytochemical content
Dried fruit: No quantitative data provided. Fresh fruit: Ascorbic acid 43.3 ± 0.5 mg/100 g, carotenoids (all-trans-ȕ-carotene comprises about 76.8% of total carotenoids, 9-cis-ȕ-carotene and all-trans-Į-cryptoxanthin make up 3.6 and 3.4% respectively), fatty acids (mainly composed of linoleic 72.42%, oleic 10.03%, palmitic 9.38% and stearic 2.67%), hydroxyester disaccharides, steroidal lactones (withanolides), sterols (mainly campesterol and ȕ-sitosterol in whole berry oil and seed oil and mainly ǻ5-avenasterol and campesterol in pulp oil), phenolic compounds 154 ± 3 mg/ 100 g (gallic acid equivalent) (de Carrasco and Encina-Zelada 2008; Mayorga et al. 2002; Ramadan 2011; Rodrigues et al. 2009).19
Pharmacological actions
The scope of this section is limited to research carried out on the fruit or fruit preparations (e.g. juice). There are other studies, particularly from Asian researchers in China, India and Chinese Taipei involving the pharmacological actions of extracts of other plant parts, namely the calyces, leaves, leaves and stems, whole aerial parts and whole plant. That data cannot be generalized to the actions of the fruit. In vitro experiments: Antioxidant capacity 729±98 g equivalents of Trolox (TE) per gram of sample as determined by the DPPH [(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)] radical scavenging activity method but 1066±28 g equivalents of TE per gram of sample using the ABTS [2, 20-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical scavenging assay (de Carrasco and Encina-Zelada 2008). In vivo experiments: Experimental animals (Mus musculus var. swis males) that ingested orally administered golden berry dry extract experienced significant reductions (p <0.000) in concentrations of both cholesterol and triglycerides (Campos et al. 2011).20 Application of golden berry juice in eyes of rabbits suffering from pterygium (elevated, superficial, external ocular mass that forms over the perilimbal conjunctiva and extends onto the corneal surface) demonstrated anti-inflammatory and cytostatic effects using a novel rabbit eye inflammation model (Pardo et al. 2008).21 Human clinical trials: In a controlled comparative cross-over clinical trial involving 26 young adult volunteers (average age 25.03 ± 2.74 years, BMI 22.76 ± 1.48 kg/m2 ), oral ingestion of 25 g of fresh golden berries followed by a glucose challenge (40 minutes later) demonstrated that intake of golden berries significantly reduced postprandial glycaemia in young adults (Rodríguez and Rodríguez 2007).22
Recommended uses supported by clinical or scientific data
Possible nutritional (food) uses: As a natural food source of vitamin C; As a natural food source of antioxidant vitamin C; A good source of dietary fibre; A good source of potassium; A good source of vitamin A. Possible cosmetic (non-drug) uses: Extract of golden berry is used as a skin conditioning component of non-drug cosmetic products. Possible medical (drug) uses: Orally ingested fruits for management or treatment of hyperglycaemia; Topical ophthalmic application of fruit juice preparations for adjunctive therapy in the treatment of pterygium and other eye diseases.
Notes on possible medical uses for golden berry preparations: For the marketing of drug products in the United States with the above listed medical uses the product would need to go through the Botanical Drug Review process in order to obtain marketing authorization from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).23 This was the pathway, for example, that was followed by an applicant that resulted in the FDA’s 2012 approval of a sangre de drago drug product for treatment of diarrhoea.24 Similarly for Canada, in order to market a product with these disease treatment claims statements, a product license application would need to be submitted to the Health Canada Natural Health Products Directorate (NHPD) in order to obtain marketing authorization and issuance of a Natural Product Number (NPN).25
Recommended uses supported by traditional use evidence
According to Peru Biodiverso information, golden berry preparations are traditionally used in Peru for the relief of throat problems and as an antitussive (cough suppressant), as well as for treating asthmatic conditions, intestinal parasites, jaundice, dermatitis, menopausal conditions and rheumatism.
New uses described in patents
Treatment of gastric ulcers: There is a Chinese patent for an orally administered medicament for the treatment of gastric ulcers. The medication contains extract of Physalis peruviana in combination with extracts of various traditional Chinese medicinal plants such as Chinese skullcap root (Scutellaria baicalensis), lycium (goji) berries (Lycium barbarum) and long pepper fruit (Piper longum) among others (Zhang et al. 2011).26 Treatment of pterygium: There is a Chinese patent for a topical ophthalmic medicament for the treatment of various eye diseases, suitable for use in patients with pterygium, cataracts, floaters and glaucoma. The medication contains extract of Physalis peruviana in combination with extracts of various traditional Chinese medicinal plants such as cao xue jie rhizome (Polygonum paleaceum), Chinese skullcap root (Scutellaria baicalensis) and coptis rhizome (Coptis spp.) among others, combined with non-botanical ingredients such as amber, dried alum, borax, sal ammoniac and calamine (Wang 2011).27 Bleaching agent: There is a Japanese patent for a bleaching agent which claims to have a melanine production-inhibiting effect and a tyrosinase activity-inhibiting effect. The bleaching agent is characterized by containing an extract of one or more of the following plants: Physalis peruviana, Physalis pruinosa and Physalis philadelphica (Asami and Kazuhisa).28 Cleansing and moisturizing cosmetic formula: There is a Japanese patent for a cosmetic composition, bath preparation or cleansing composition containing moisturizing plant ingredients claiming to exert a sustainable moisturizing effect and demonstrate efficacy on the skin in terms of the prophylaxis, mitigation or amelioration of dryness, rough skin, chap, dandruff, itch and inflammatory diseases, and on the hair, in terms of dryness, split hair, cut hair, glossing, etc. The cosmetic composition, contains extracts from at least one of the following botanicals: Physalis peruviana, Physalis ixocarpa, Physalis minima, Genipa americana, Polakowskia tacaco, Sicana odorifera, Spondias purpurea, Garcinia atroviridis, Mammea americana, Diospyros ebenaster, Averrhoa bilimbi, Lansium domesticum, Lansium domesticum var. duku, Passiflora antioquiensis, Passiflora mollissima, Cyphomandra betecea, Solanum quitoense, Carica pentagona, Crataegus mexicana, Crataegus pubescens, Prunus capuli, Pachira aquatica, Myrciaria cauliflora, Casimiroa edulis, Periandra mediterranea, and kiwano (Mitsuharo et al. 2001).29
Chapter 3
Usage of ingredients
1. Golden berry – dried 1.1. Macro- and micronutrient content
Dried fruit: The following values are excerpted from the Nutrition Fact labels of selected packaged dried golden berry products of different origins that are available in the United States market.
These nutrient content claims are presumed accurate but have not been verified by this author:
Colombia origin (NATIVAS NATURALS Brand):
per 28 g dried berries: calories 80, calories from fat 0, total fat 0 g (0% DV), saturated fat 0 g (0% DV), trans fat 0 g, cholesterol 0 mg (0% DV), sodium 25 mg (1% DV), total carbohydrates 17 g (6% DV), dietary fibre 3 g (12%), sugars 9 g, protein 2 g, vitamin A (45% DV), vitamin C (4% DV), calcium (0% DV), iron (6% DV).
Ecuador origin (OJIO Brand):
per 28 g dried berries: calories 100, calories from fat 5, total fat 0.5 g (1% DV), saturated fat 0 (0% DV), cholesterol 0 g (0% DV), sodium 10 mg (0% DV), total carbohydrates 22 g (7% DV), dietary fibre 7 g (28% DV), sugars 8 g, protein 2 g, lycopene 6.1 g, vitamin A (10% DV), vitamin C (10% DV), calcium (2% DV), iron (4% DV). Peru origin (PRANA Brand): per 28 g dried berries: calories 82, fat 1 g (2% DV), saturated fat 0 g (0% DV), trans fat 0 g (0% DV), cholesterol 0 mg (0% DV), sodium 10 mg (0% DV), total carbohydrates 17 g (7% DV), dietary fibre 5.5 g (25% DV), sugars 8 g, protein 2 g, vitamin A (40% DV), vitamin C (4% DV), calcium (1% DV), iron (6% DV).
Undeclared origin (NOW FOODS Brand):
per 28 g (about 22 berries): calories 80, calories from fat 20, total fat 2 g (3% DV), saturated fat 0 g (0% DV), trans fat 0 g, cholesterol 0 mg (0% DV), sodium 0 mg (0% DV), potassium 510 mg (15% DV), total carbohydrates 17 g (6% DV), dietary fibre 5 g (20% DV), sugars 11 g, protein 2 g, vitamin A (45% DV), vitamin C (8% DV), calcium (0% DV), iron (4% DV). Fresh fruit: Moisture 78.9-80.97%, ash 0.80-1.0 g/ 100 g, calories 76.8-88.72 kcal/100 g, carbohydrates 13.22-19.6 g/ 100 g, crude fibre 3.6-4.9 g / 100 g, fat 0.0-0.2 g / 100 g, total lipids 3.16 g / 100 g, protein 0.3-1.9 g/ 100 g, aluminium 0.33 mg/ 100 g, barium 0.06 mg/ 100g, calcium 8.0-10.55 mg/100 g, carotene 1.6-2.64 mg/100 g, chromium 0.01 mg/ 100 g, cobalt 0.01 mg/ 100 g, copper 0.28 mg/ 100 g, iron 1.2-1.47 mg/100 g, magnesium 34.70 mg/ 100 g, manganese 0.26 mg/ 100 g, niacin 1.70 mg/ 100 g, phosphorus 37.9-55.3 mg/100 g, potassium 292.65-347.00 mg/100 g, riboflavin 0.03 mg/ 100 g, rubidium 0.42 mg/ 100 g, sodium 1.10 mg/ 100 g, strontium 0.04 mg/ 100 g, thiamine 0.1 mg/ 100 g, vitamin C 43.0-43.3 mg/100 g, zinc 0.4-0.49 mg/100 g (de Carrasco and Encina-Zelada 2008; Ramadan 2011; Rodrigues et al. 2009).15,16,17 Gutiérrez et al. (2007) reported ascorbic acid at 0.332 (±0.0262) mg per gram of sample as per HPLC method.18 1.2.
Phytochemical content
Dried fruit: No quantitative data provided.
Fresh fruit: Ascorbic acid 43.3 ± 0.5 mg/100 g, carotenoids (all-trans-ȕ-carotene comprises about 76.8% of total carotenoids, 9-cis-ȕ-carotene and all-trans-Į-cryptoxanthin make up 3.6 and 3.4% respectively), fatty acids (mainly composed of linoleic 72.42%, oleic 10.03%, palmitic 9.38% and stearic 2.67%), hydroxyester disaccharides, steroidal lactones (withanolides), sterols (mainly campesterol and ȕ-sitosterol 15 De Carrasco, RP and CR. Encina Zelada (2008). Determinación de la capacidad antioxidante y compuestos bioactivos de frutas nativas peruanas. Rev Soc Quím Perú. 74, Nº 2 (108-124). 16 Ramadan, MF. (2011). Bioactive phytochemicals, nutritional value, and functional properties of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana): an overview. Food Research International; 44:1830-1836. 17 Rodrigues, E and others (2009). Minerals and essential fatty acids of the exotic fruit Physalis peruviana L. Ciéncia e Tecnologia de Alimentos. 29(3):642-645. 18 Gutiérrez, TM. and others. (2007). Determinación del contenido de ácido ascórbico en uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.) por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (CLAR). Biotecnología en el Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial; 5(1):70-79.
MARKET ANALYSIS FOR THREE PERUVIAN NATURAL INGREDIENTS 10 SC-13-235.E in whole berry oil and seed oil and mainly ǻ5-avenasterol and campesterol in pulp oil), phenolic compounds 154 ± 3 mg/ 100 g (gallic acid equivalent) (de Carrasco and Encina-Zelada 2008; Mayorga et al. 2002; Ramadan 2011; Rodrigues et al. 2009).19 1.3. Pharmacological actions The scope of this section is limited to research carried out on the fruit or fruit preparations (e.g. juice). There are other studies, particularly from Asian researchers in China, India and Chinese Taipei involving the pharmacological actions of extracts of other plant parts, namely the calyces, leaves, leaves and stems, whole aerial parts and whole plant. That data cannot be generalized to the actions of the fruit. In vitro experiments: Antioxidant capacity 729±98 g equivalents of Trolox (TE) per gram of sample as determined by the DPPH [(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)] radical scavenging activity method but 1066±28 g equivalents of TE per gram of sample using the ABTS [2, 20-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical scavenging assay (de Carrasco and Encina-Zelada 2008). In vivo experiments: Experimental animals (Mus musculus var. swis males) that ingested orally administered golden berry dry extract experienced significant reductions (p <0.000) in concentrations of both cholesterol and triglycerides (Campos et al. 2011).20 Application of golden berry juice in eyes of rabbits suffering from pterygium (elevated, superficial, external ocular mass that forms over the perilimbal conjunctiva and extends onto the corneal surface) demonstrated anti-inflammatory and cytostatic effects using a novel rabbit eye inflammation model (Pardo et al. 2008).21 Human clinical trials: In a controlled comparative cross-over clinical trial involving 26 young adult volunteers (average age 25.03 ± 2.74 years, BMI 22.76 ± 1.48 kg/m2 ), oral ingestion of 25 g of fresh golden berries followed by a glucose challenge (40 minutes later) demonstrated that intake of golden berries significantly reduced postprandial glycaemia in young adults (Rodríguez and Rodríguez 2007).22 1.4. Recommended uses supported by clinical or scientific data Possible nutritional (food) uses: As a natural food source of vitamin C; As a natural food source of antioxidant vitamin C; A good source of dietary fibre; A good source of potassium; A good source of vitamin A. Possible cosmetic (non-drug) uses: Extract of golden berry is used as a skin conditioning component of non-drug cosmetic products. Possible medical (drug) uses: Orally ingested fruits for management or treatment of hyperglycaemia; Topical ophthalmic application of fruit juice preparations for adjunctive therapy in the treatment of pterygium and other eye diseases. 19 Mayorga, H and others (2002). Hydroxyester disaccharides from fruits of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana). Phytochemistry;59:439–445. 20 Campos, J. and others (2011). Efecto del extracto del fruto de Physalis peruviana ‘tomatillo’ en Mus musculus var. swis con hiperlipidemia inducida. Scientia Agropecuaria; 2:83-89. 21 Pardo, JM. and others. (2008). Determining the pharmacological activity of Physalis peruviana fruit juice on rabbit eyes and fibroblast primary cultures. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science; 29(7):3074-3079. 22 Rodríguez, S. and E. Rodríguez (2007). Efecto de la ingesta de Physalis peruviana (aguaymanto) sobre la glicemia postprandial en adultos jóvenes. Rev. Med. Vallejiana;4(1):44-53. MARKET ANALYSIS FOR THREE PERUVIAN NATURAL INGREDIENTS SC-13-235.E 11 Notes on possible medical uses for golden berry preparations: For the marketing of drug products in the United States with the above listed medical uses the product would need to go through the Botanical Drug Review process in order to obtain marketing authorization from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).23 This was the pathway, for example, that was followed by an applicant that resulted in the FDA’s 2012 approval of a sangre de drago drug product for treatment of diarrhoea.24 Similarly for Canada, in order to market a product with these disease treatment claims statements, a product license application would need to be submitted to the Health Canada Natural Health Products Directorate (NHPD) in order to obtain marketing authorization and issuance of a Natural Product Number (NPN).25 1.5. Recommended uses supported by traditional use evidence According to Peru Biodiverso information, golden berry preparations are traditionally used in Peru for the relief of throat problems and as an antitussive (cough suppressant), as well as for treating asthmatic conditions, intestinal parasites, jaundice, dermatitis, menopausal conditions and rheumatism. 1.6. New uses described in patents Treatment of gastric ulcers: There is a Chinese patent for an orally administered medicament for the treatment of gastric ulcers. The medication contains extract of Physalis peruviana in combination with extracts of various traditional Chinese medicinal plants such as Chinese skullcap root (Scutellaria baicalensis), lycium (goji) berries (Lycium barbarum) and long pepper fruit (Piper longum) among others (Zhang et al. 2011).26 Treatment of pterygium: There is a Chinese patent for a topical ophthalmic medicament for the treatment of various eye diseases, suitable for use in patients with pterygium, cataracts, floaters and glaucoma. The medication contains extract of Physalis peruviana in combination with extracts of various traditional Chinese medicinal plants such as cao xue jie rhizome (Polygonum paleaceum), Chinese skullcap root (Scutellaria baicalensis) and coptis rhizome (Coptis spp.) among others, combined with non-botanical ingredients such as amber, dried alum, borax, sal ammoniac and calamine (Wang 2011).27 Bleaching agent: There is a Japanese patent for a bleaching agent which claims to have a melanine production-inhibiting effect and a tyrosinase activity-inhibiting effect. The bleaching agent is characterized by containing an extract of one or more of the following plants: Physalis peruviana, Physalis pruinosa and Physalis philadelphica (Asami and Kazuhisa).28 Cleansing and moisturizing cosmetic formula: There is a Japanese patent for a cosmetic composition, bath preparation or cleansing composition containing moisturizing plant ingredients claiming to exert a sustainable moisturizing effect and demonstrate efficacy on the skin in terms of the prophylaxis, mitigation or amelioration of dryness, rough skin, chap, dandruff, itch and inflammatory diseases, and on the hair, in terms of dryness, split hair, cut hair, glossing, etc. The cosmetic composition, contains extracts from at least one of the following botanicals: Physalis peruviana, Physalis ixocarpa, Physalis minima, Genipa americana, Polakowskia tacaco, Sicana odorifera, Spondias purpurea, Garcinia atroviridis, Mammea americana, Diospyros ebenaster, Averrhoa bilimbi, Lansium domesticum, Lansium domesticum var. duku, Passiflora antioquiensis, Passiflora mollissima, Cyphomandra betecea, Solanum quitoense, Carica 23 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Botanical Drug Review. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/Development ApprovalProcess/HowDrugsareDevelopedandApproved/ApprovalApplications/NewDrugApplicationNDA/BotanicalDrugReview/default.htm 24 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2012) FDA approves first anti-diarrheal drug for HIV/AIDS patients. Silver Spring, MD: FDA. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm333701.htm 25 Health Canada Natural Health Products Directorate (NHPD). Guidance Documents. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhpmps/prodnatur/legislation/docs/index-eng.php 26 Zhang, B. (2011). Chinese medicinal composition for treating gastric ulcer and preparation method thereof. Chinese Patent: CN101810730 (A). 27 Wang, X. (2011).Toxicant elimination medicament for eyes. Chinese Patent: CN101869631(A). 28 Asami, Y. and M. Kazuhisa (2011). Bleaching agent. Japanese Patent: JP2011051920 (A). MARKET ANALYSIS FOR THREE PERUVIAN NATURAL INGREDIENTS 12 SC-13-235.E pentagona, Crataegus mexicana, Crataegus pubescens, Prunus capuli, Pachira aquatica, Myrciaria cauliflora, Casimiroa edulis, Periandra mediterranea, and kiwano (Mitsuharo et al. 2001).29
Usage of ingredients
1. Golden berry – dried 1.1. Macro- and micronutrient content
Dried fruit: The following values are excerpted from the Nutrition Fact labels of selected packaged dried golden berry products of different origins that are available in the United States market.
These nutrient content claims are presumed accurate but have not been verified by this author:
Colombia origin (NATIVAS NATURALS Brand):
per 28 g dried berries: calories 80, calories from fat 0, total fat 0 g (0% DV), saturated fat 0 g (0% DV), trans fat 0 g, cholesterol 0 mg (0% DV), sodium 25 mg (1% DV), total carbohydrates 17 g (6% DV), dietary fibre 3 g (12%), sugars 9 g, protein 2 g, vitamin A (45% DV), vitamin C (4% DV), calcium (0% DV), iron (6% DV).
Ecuador origin (OJIO Brand):
per 28 g dried berries: calories 100, calories from fat 5, total fat 0.5 g (1% DV), saturated fat 0 (0% DV), cholesterol 0 g (0% DV), sodium 10 mg (0% DV), total carbohydrates 22 g (7% DV), dietary fibre 7 g (28% DV), sugars 8 g, protein 2 g, lycopene 6.1 g, vitamin A (10% DV), vitamin C (10% DV), calcium (2% DV), iron (4% DV). Peru origin (PRANA Brand): per 28 g dried berries: calories 82, fat 1 g (2% DV), saturated fat 0 g (0% DV), trans fat 0 g (0% DV), cholesterol 0 mg (0% DV), sodium 10 mg (0% DV), total carbohydrates 17 g (7% DV), dietary fibre 5.5 g (25% DV), sugars 8 g, protein 2 g, vitamin A (40% DV), vitamin C (4% DV), calcium (1% DV), iron (6% DV).
Undeclared origin (NOW FOODS Brand):
per 28 g (about 22 berries): calories 80, calories from fat 20, total fat 2 g (3% DV), saturated fat 0 g (0% DV), trans fat 0 g, cholesterol 0 mg (0% DV), sodium 0 mg (0% DV), potassium 510 mg (15% DV), total carbohydrates 17 g (6% DV), dietary fibre 5 g (20% DV), sugars 11 g, protein 2 g, vitamin A (45% DV), vitamin C (8% DV), calcium (0% DV), iron (4% DV). Fresh fruit: Moisture 78.9-80.97%, ash 0.80-1.0 g/ 100 g, calories 76.8-88.72 kcal/100 g, carbohydrates 13.22-19.6 g/ 100 g, crude fibre 3.6-4.9 g / 100 g, fat 0.0-0.2 g / 100 g, total lipids 3.16 g / 100 g, protein 0.3-1.9 g/ 100 g, aluminium 0.33 mg/ 100 g, barium 0.06 mg/ 100g, calcium 8.0-10.55 mg/100 g, carotene 1.6-2.64 mg/100 g, chromium 0.01 mg/ 100 g, cobalt 0.01 mg/ 100 g, copper 0.28 mg/ 100 g, iron 1.2-1.47 mg/100 g, magnesium 34.70 mg/ 100 g, manganese 0.26 mg/ 100 g, niacin 1.70 mg/ 100 g, phosphorus 37.9-55.3 mg/100 g, potassium 292.65-347.00 mg/100 g, riboflavin 0.03 mg/ 100 g, rubidium 0.42 mg/ 100 g, sodium 1.10 mg/ 100 g, strontium 0.04 mg/ 100 g, thiamine 0.1 mg/ 100 g, vitamin C 43.0-43.3 mg/100 g, zinc 0.4-0.49 mg/100 g (de Carrasco and Encina-Zelada 2008; Ramadan 2011; Rodrigues et al. 2009).15,16,17 Gutiérrez et al. (2007) reported ascorbic acid at 0.332 (±0.0262) mg per gram of sample as per HPLC method.18 1.2.
Phytochemical content
Dried fruit: No quantitative data provided.
Fresh fruit: Ascorbic acid 43.3 ± 0.5 mg/100 g, carotenoids (all-trans-ȕ-carotene comprises about 76.8% of total carotenoids, 9-cis-ȕ-carotene and all-trans-Į-cryptoxanthin make up 3.6 and 3.4% respectively), fatty acids (mainly composed of linoleic 72.42%, oleic 10.03%, palmitic 9.38% and stearic 2.67%), hydroxyester disaccharides, steroidal lactones (withanolides), sterols (mainly campesterol and ȕ-sitosterol 15 De Carrasco, RP and CR. Encina Zelada (2008). Determinación de la capacidad antioxidante y compuestos bioactivos de frutas nativas peruanas. Rev Soc Quím Perú. 74, Nº 2 (108-124). 16 Ramadan, MF. (2011). Bioactive phytochemicals, nutritional value, and functional properties of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana): an overview. Food Research International; 44:1830-1836. 17 Rodrigues, E and others (2009). Minerals and essential fatty acids of the exotic fruit Physalis peruviana L. Ciéncia e Tecnologia de Alimentos. 29(3):642-645. 18 Gutiérrez, TM. and others. (2007). Determinación del contenido de ácido ascórbico en uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.) por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (CLAR). Biotecnología en el Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial; 5(1):70-79.
MARKET ANALYSIS FOR THREE PERUVIAN NATURAL INGREDIENTS 10 SC-13-235.E in whole berry oil and seed oil and mainly ǻ5-avenasterol and campesterol in pulp oil), phenolic compounds 154 ± 3 mg/ 100 g (gallic acid equivalent) (de Carrasco and Encina-Zelada 2008; Mayorga et al. 2002; Ramadan 2011; Rodrigues et al. 2009).19 1.3. Pharmacological actions The scope of this section is limited to research carried out on the fruit or fruit preparations (e.g. juice). There are other studies, particularly from Asian researchers in China, India and Chinese Taipei involving the pharmacological actions of extracts of other plant parts, namely the calyces, leaves, leaves and stems, whole aerial parts and whole plant. That data cannot be generalized to the actions of the fruit. In vitro experiments: Antioxidant capacity 729±98 g equivalents of Trolox (TE) per gram of sample as determined by the DPPH [(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)] radical scavenging activity method but 1066±28 g equivalents of TE per gram of sample using the ABTS [2, 20-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical scavenging assay (de Carrasco and Encina-Zelada 2008). In vivo experiments: Experimental animals (Mus musculus var. swis males) that ingested orally administered golden berry dry extract experienced significant reductions (p <0.000) in concentrations of both cholesterol and triglycerides (Campos et al. 2011).20 Application of golden berry juice in eyes of rabbits suffering from pterygium (elevated, superficial, external ocular mass that forms over the perilimbal conjunctiva and extends onto the corneal surface) demonstrated anti-inflammatory and cytostatic effects using a novel rabbit eye inflammation model (Pardo et al. 2008).21 Human clinical trials: In a controlled comparative cross-over clinical trial involving 26 young adult volunteers (average age 25.03 ± 2.74 years, BMI 22.76 ± 1.48 kg/m2 ), oral ingestion of 25 g of fresh golden berries followed by a glucose challenge (40 minutes later) demonstrated that intake of golden berries significantly reduced postprandial glycaemia in young adults (Rodríguez and Rodríguez 2007).22 1.4. Recommended uses supported by clinical or scientific data Possible nutritional (food) uses: As a natural food source of vitamin C; As a natural food source of antioxidant vitamin C; A good source of dietary fibre; A good source of potassium; A good source of vitamin A. Possible cosmetic (non-drug) uses: Extract of golden berry is used as a skin conditioning component of non-drug cosmetic products. Possible medical (drug) uses: Orally ingested fruits for management or treatment of hyperglycaemia; Topical ophthalmic application of fruit juice preparations for adjunctive therapy in the treatment of pterygium and other eye diseases. 19 Mayorga, H and others (2002). Hydroxyester disaccharides from fruits of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana). Phytochemistry;59:439–445. 20 Campos, J. and others (2011). Efecto del extracto del fruto de Physalis peruviana ‘tomatillo’ en Mus musculus var. swis con hiperlipidemia inducida. Scientia Agropecuaria; 2:83-89. 21 Pardo, JM. and others. (2008). Determining the pharmacological activity of Physalis peruviana fruit juice on rabbit eyes and fibroblast primary cultures. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science; 29(7):3074-3079. 22 Rodríguez, S. and E. Rodríguez (2007). Efecto de la ingesta de Physalis peruviana (aguaymanto) sobre la glicemia postprandial en adultos jóvenes. Rev. Med. Vallejiana;4(1):44-53. MARKET ANALYSIS FOR THREE PERUVIAN NATURAL INGREDIENTS SC-13-235.E 11 Notes on possible medical uses for golden berry preparations: For the marketing of drug products in the United States with the above listed medical uses the product would need to go through the Botanical Drug Review process in order to obtain marketing authorization from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).23 This was the pathway, for example, that was followed by an applicant that resulted in the FDA’s 2012 approval of a sangre de drago drug product for treatment of diarrhoea.24 Similarly for Canada, in order to market a product with these disease treatment claims statements, a product license application would need to be submitted to the Health Canada Natural Health Products Directorate (NHPD) in order to obtain marketing authorization and issuance of a Natural Product Number (NPN).25 1.5. Recommended uses supported by traditional use evidence According to Peru Biodiverso information, golden berry preparations are traditionally used in Peru for the relief of throat problems and as an antitussive (cough suppressant), as well as for treating asthmatic conditions, intestinal parasites, jaundice, dermatitis, menopausal conditions and rheumatism. 1.6. New uses described in patents Treatment of gastric ulcers: There is a Chinese patent for an orally administered medicament for the treatment of gastric ulcers. The medication contains extract of Physalis peruviana in combination with extracts of various traditional Chinese medicinal plants such as Chinese skullcap root (Scutellaria baicalensis), lycium (goji) berries (Lycium barbarum) and long pepper fruit (Piper longum) among others (Zhang et al. 2011).26 Treatment of pterygium: There is a Chinese patent for a topical ophthalmic medicament for the treatment of various eye diseases, suitable for use in patients with pterygium, cataracts, floaters and glaucoma. The medication contains extract of Physalis peruviana in combination with extracts of various traditional Chinese medicinal plants such as cao xue jie rhizome (Polygonum paleaceum), Chinese skullcap root (Scutellaria baicalensis) and coptis rhizome (Coptis spp.) among others, combined with non-botanical ingredients such as amber, dried alum, borax, sal ammoniac and calamine (Wang 2011).27 Bleaching agent: There is a Japanese patent for a bleaching agent which claims to have a melanine production-inhibiting effect and a tyrosinase activity-inhibiting effect. The bleaching agent is characterized by containing an extract of one or more of the following plants: Physalis peruviana, Physalis pruinosa and Physalis philadelphica (Asami and Kazuhisa).28 Cleansing and moisturizing cosmetic formula: There is a Japanese patent for a cosmetic composition, bath preparation or cleansing composition containing moisturizing plant ingredients claiming to exert a sustainable moisturizing effect and demonstrate efficacy on the skin in terms of the prophylaxis, mitigation or amelioration of dryness, rough skin, chap, dandruff, itch and inflammatory diseases, and on the hair, in terms of dryness, split hair, cut hair, glossing, etc. The cosmetic composition, contains extracts from at least one of the following botanicals: Physalis peruviana, Physalis ixocarpa, Physalis minima, Genipa americana, Polakowskia tacaco, Sicana odorifera, Spondias purpurea, Garcinia atroviridis, Mammea americana, Diospyros ebenaster, Averrhoa bilimbi, Lansium domesticum, Lansium domesticum var. duku, Passiflora antioquiensis, Passiflora mollissima, Cyphomandra betecea, Solanum quitoense, Carica 23 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Botanical Drug Review. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/Development ApprovalProcess/HowDrugsareDevelopedandApproved/ApprovalApplications/NewDrugApplicationNDA/BotanicalDrugReview/default.htm 24 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2012) FDA approves first anti-diarrheal drug for HIV/AIDS patients. Silver Spring, MD: FDA. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm333701.htm 25 Health Canada Natural Health Products Directorate (NHPD). Guidance Documents. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhpmps/prodnatur/legislation/docs/index-eng.php 26 Zhang, B. (2011). Chinese medicinal composition for treating gastric ulcer and preparation method thereof. Chinese Patent: CN101810730 (A). 27 Wang, X. (2011).Toxicant elimination medicament for eyes. Chinese Patent: CN101869631(A). 28 Asami, Y. and M. Kazuhisa (2011). Bleaching agent. Japanese Patent: JP2011051920 (A). MARKET ANALYSIS FOR THREE PERUVIAN NATURAL INGREDIENTS 12 SC-13-235.E pentagona, Crataegus mexicana, Crataegus pubescens, Prunus capuli, Pachira aquatica, Myrciaria cauliflora, Casimiroa edulis, Periandra mediterranea, and kiwano (Mitsuharo et al. 2001).29
